The full English companion to the peer-reviewed review article published by the Celluragen R&D team in the Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. The location of each collagen type in the body, its biological function, and findings from clinical studies.
Collagen is the body's most fundamental structural protein, making up roughly 30% of total protein mass and 75% of skin protein.
Collagen serves as a core structural component in almost every tissue of the body, not just skin and bone, but also the cornea, blood vessel walls, cartilage, tendons, the intestinal wall, lungs, the kidney basement membrane, and the vitreous body of the eye. This wide distribution is exactly what makes collagen the body's most critical protein: although its different types function in different tissues, no tissue can maintain its mechanical integrity without collagen.
In vertebrates, 28 distinct collagen types built from at least 46 different polypeptide chains have been described. What all of these types share is a repeating (Gly-X-Y) amino acid sequence: glycine sits in every third position, while the X and Y positions are usually occupied by proline and hydroxyproline. Collagen is lost at a rate of roughly 1% per year after the age of 20, and by age 80 production may have fallen by 75% compared with young adults.
Our article examines all 28 types, classified into fibril-forming, network-forming, FACIT, transmembrane, anchoring, basement membrane, and multiplexin groups.
The most abundant collagen type in the body. Collagen makes up 75% of skin dry weight, and Type I accounts for 80–90% of that (the rest being 8–12% Type III and under 5% Type V). As the main structural component of the dermis, it is responsible for the skin's strength and durability. In hydrolyzed peptide form it has shown strong antioxidant properties in in vitro studies, an effect thought to arise from specific amino acid sequences and hydrophobic residues within the peptide.
The most studied type in joint health research. As a core component of the vitreous body, it supports the transmission of light to the retina. In an adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats, Type II collagen was reported to raise glutathione (GSH) levels in the spleen and thymus, supporting antioxidant defense mechanisms.
Alongside Type I, a core type studied in skin health. It is abundant in the intestinal wall and is critical for elasticity and tensile strength. In a Col3a1 transgenic mouse model, mutations in Type III collagen were shown to impair vascular collagen fibrillogenesis and tissue integrity.
The Type IV listed here is the form placed in the fibril-forming classification. It plays a structural role in the health of hair and lung tissue.
By regulating the organization and arrangement of collagen fibrils in tendon and cartilage, it contributes to the biomechanical properties of these tissues.
A collagen type mainly expressed in arterial remodeling and atherosclerotic plaques. While direct antioxidant effects have not been shown, it is associated more with extracellular matrix remodeling and plaque structure than with the regulation of oxidative stress.
Known as a type specific to the hypertrophic cartilage zone, playing a role in cartilage calcification and ossification processes.
It is thought to help preserve moisture and elasticity in skin and cartilage health. However, its specific role in reducing wrinkles and visible signs of aging has not yet been clearly established; the available evidence comes mainly from studies using mixed collagen preparations.
It supports the extracellular matrix by interacting with Type I collagen fibers. Altered Type XII collagen expression has been reported to be associated with disruptions in tissue repair and matrix organization; however, its direct role in skin hydration and wound healing in humans has not yet been clarified.
By interacting with fibril-forming collagens (Types I–III), it can regulate matrix organization during adipose tissue expansion.
A collagen associated with the basement membrane, with structural and biological roles in various tissues. Its specific role in skin structure, aging, or clinical skin outcomes has not been clearly demonstrated to date.
A FACIT collagen prominent during embryonic development and the subject of limited research in adult tissues.
A FACIT type localized in the blood vessel wall and studied in vascular tissue organization.
Concentrating in skin fibroblasts and focal adhesions, it may enhance cell adhesion and support the extracellular matrix. It has also been shown to be widely expressed in the optic nerve and neural retina. While oral collagen supplementation has been reported to broadly support skin elasticity and appearance, Type XIII's specific contribution to these effects has not yet been isolated in clinical studies.
It plays a critical role in regulating stem cell behavior, a property that matters for skin regeneration and wound healing. It is associated with conditions such as bullous pemphigoid and junctional epidermolysis bullosa.
It forms the anchoring fibrils that bind the epidermis to the dermis, making it vital for wound healing and skin repair. It is associated with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB).
One of the most important components of the basement membrane. It provides structural support to intestinal epithelial cells and contributes to nutrient absorption. In diabetic nephropathy, Type IV collagen synthesis has been reported to increase, thickening the kidney basement membrane and potentially advancing the nephropathy.
It regulates dermal matrix organization and fibroblast motility. It has been reported to confer resistance to apoptosis and oxidative damage in various tissues and cells, including myofibrils, neurons, and fibroblasts. In obesity studies, increased Type VI collagen accumulation has been reported in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese individuals.
It contributes to collagen fibril organization and the preservation of tissue integrity in many tissues. Its specific role in skin aging and any potential anti-aging effects have not yet been shown in clinical studies.
Acting like an adaptor protein, it links and organizes fibrillar networks, enhancing the integrity and stability of the extracellular matrix, which is critical for skin elasticity and overall skin structure. Hydrolyzed collagen supplementation has been reported to show promising effects in reducing signs of aging.
Owing to its presence in the basement membrane and its role in tissue regeneration, it is considered potentially effective in improving hydration and reducing wrinkles, though the findings are not clear. It may contribute to tissue integrity.
By interacting with matrix collagens and structural proteins, it provides structural integrity to tissue scaffolds. It acts as a regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis. Type V collagen deficiency is associated with loss of corneal transparency and classic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. In in vitro studies, Type V collagen peptides derived from pearl oyster mantle collagen hydrolysates have shown antioxidant activity.
It serves as a cell adhesion ligand for skin epithelial cells and fibroblasts, contributing to the preservation of tissue junctions, elasticity, and hydration. It plays an important role in the structure of the extracellular matrix. It has been reported to potentially offer benefits by easing skin aging and related skin conditions.
Recent genetic and functional studies have shown that collagen XXIII variants and overexpression (COL23A1) are associated with increased susceptibility to eczema herpeticum in patients with atopic dermatitis. However, its direct role in more common skin conditions such as wrinkles and intrinsic skin aging has not yet been clarified in clinical studies.
These types share similar functions, such as preserving skin structure, elasticity, and hydration. However, their specific role in slowing age-related skin changes has not yet been clearly defined in clinical studies. This represents an important research gap in the literature.
The findings compiled in this article form the academic foundation of Celluragen's formulation philosophy. As reported in our research, Celluragen was formulated with the high bioavailability of fish-derived Type I collagen peptides and the importance of amino acid composition in mind. Built from 10,000 mg of fish collagen peptides (<2,000 Dalton), Ca-AKG, glycine, copper, vitamin C, and other bioactive components, this holistic formulation aims to address collagen metabolism through an integrated approach.
This content is for informational purposes only. Celluragen is a food supplement; it cannot be used to diagnose, treat, or prevent any disease. Findings reported in academic studies do not constitute a guarantee of the product's individual effectiveness.